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3.立足国内市场,开发大众旅游住宿产品,优先发展经济型酒店联号。
加入WTO以后的酒店市场竞争会更加激烈,对于中国酒店企业集团来说,一个最为基本的竞争理念就是寻找自己的比较优势。争取实现民营经济的市场运作和经营体制优势与国有酒店的业界背景和服务经验之间的有机融合,共同构建民族酒店集团的微观运作基础。
由于现有酒店产品的市场结构是非均衡的,我们可以预期随着国内旅游市场的兴起和更进一步的发展,适合国内观光旅游住宿需求的酒店产品存在一个较大的市场供给空间。从发达国家的历史经验来看,那些著名的酒店集团都是在国内旅游的市场基础上成长的。从空间的视角来说,由于民族酒店集团在发展初期还不具备与跨国酒店集团在大城市商务酒店市场上直接竞争的实力,其首选的市场空间可能在于非经济中心城市和观光度假景区。在这些地区,旅游住宿市场的产业集中度低,有着都市背景的民族酒店集团又可以掌握客源,熟悉旅游者的消费模式,民族酒店集团就可以较为容易地在这个市场上占有绝对份额。现在中国一些区域旅游住宿市场上开始出现的一些经济型酒店可以视为旅游企业家响应市场获利机会的制度创新活动。尽管这些经济型酒店还是以模仿国外企业组织形式为主,且多集中在大城市--如上海锦江集团?"锦江之星"、上海新亚集团 "新亚之星"经济型酒店,但是这毕竟意味着民族旅游企业家在探索具有中国特色的、服务于大众旅游住宿市场的制度创新的起步。当企业家创新的触角延伸到非城市区域的观光旅游市场,且试图将这些经济型酒店标准化、网络化发展的时候,具有民族特色的景区酒店联号就会在旅游住宿市场上成为现实。
对非经济中心城市和旅游景区的强调并不意味着民族酒店集团就不可以涉足城市酒店市场,而是要等到它在现有市场上完成了企业化进程,并形成了足够的货币资本、管理经验、市场网络、信息技术、人力资源等核心能力以后,再通过收购品牌、企业并购、战略联盟等渠道进入新的市场空间。我把这称为民族酒店集团"农村包围城市"的发展战略。等民族酒店集团初具规模以后,还要注意与其它行业的大型企业集团通过合资、合作方式开办酒店管理公司,统一管理集团成员所有的住宿接待机构,形成旅游市场与产业市场相互融合的发展态势和法人相互持股的环状企业集团治理架构。这样可以快速增加民族酒店集团的规模与实力,通过成员酒店的聚集效应扩大在国内旅游市场上的份额,并在客观上加大了跨国酒店集团在国内旅游市场上的进入与竞争壁垒。
4.积极应用信息技术铸造民族酒店集团的管理与营销平台。二十世纪九十年代中期以后,以信息技术为核心的高科技在酒店集团中的运用呈现出前所未有的加速态势并主要集中于以下三个领域:内部管理系统、市场推广与营销系统和成员间连接系统。最近出版的《亚太酒店杂志》报道说,雅高(Accor)、富特(Forte)、希尔顿国际(Hilton)和斯塔沃德 (Starwood)四大国际酒店集团的不久前再次合作,组建了面向亚太市场的网上合资公司。这种合作的更根本原因于加强网上分销:从市场需求方面而言,就是使那些经常上网的旅游者能更加迅速和方便地获得信息、预订客房;从国际酒店集团来说,它们分散在世界各地的酒店客房将会卖得更快,从而在扩大战略联盟者的的市场份额以外,还会增加集团之间的凝聚力。对于处于发展初期的民族酒店集团来说,我们首先面临着计算机硬软件设备普及的问题,但是更为急迫的任务可能还是观念和人力资源问题。由于多方面的原因,我们长期以来对酒店人力资源的服务与初级管理技能强调得更多一些,而中高管理人员的科技观念和战略管理能力却被有意无意间忽略了。在民族酒店集团化发展的进程中,这一课是必须要补上的。要知道,一个没有高科技含量的集团是没有凝聚力也没有竞争力的集团。
5.通过政策导向和政府行为加促进民族酒店集团化发展。当我们强调民族酒店集团进程中的企业主导作用的同时,并不意味着否定或者说不重视政府的作用。相反,越是市场经济,越是需要政府在产权保护、公共产品供给、政策调控等方面应尽的作用。这里只是强调政府不应直接介入,而是要变内部管制为外部管理,通过政策导向、集团初期规模生成、涉及国有酒店资产重组的行业与部门间关系协调、各级人力资源培训、市场信息披露、在服务贸易总协定的框架内为本国旅游企业争取有利的制度生长空间等方式和手段来推动和扶持民族酒店集团在国际旅游市场上的生长与发育。在政府扶持方面,国家积极鼓励更多的酒店企业与其它行业的大型企业集团和高科技企业合作,通过国内和海外上市,使之成为公众性、国际性、多元化的旅游企业集团的组成部分,在国内旅游市场上逐渐浓厚酒店的企业成分,国际旅游市场上淡化发展中国家色彩,从而达到快速企业化、市场化和集团化的战略发展目标。
在民族酒店集团成长与发展的过程中,政府还有一个制度创新的问题。在目前的情况下,中国旅游产业和旅游企业尚处市场化的进程之中。体制转轨时期的体制滞后与企业管理模式陈旧等一系列问题都在严重制约着中国酒店集团化的发展进程。在中宏观层面,我们的旅游行业管理体制和企业管理模式方式必须以创新精神为导向来优化旅游企业集团运行中的制度环境和市场环境。比如打破事实上的旅游企业部门所有制,让所有半事业、半企业化的接待机构完全走向市场,为旅游市场主体营造一个公平公正公开的竞争环境。再比如目前还在进行中的省级政府机构改革要求部分行业主管部门如电力、煤炭、纺织等退出政府序列,军队和公检法部门不得从事生产经营活动的举措,都为民族酒店集团带来了难得的发展机遇。因为这些部门多数都有成系统的以培训中心和疗养基地等名义开办的住宿设施,且多数居于海滨城市和风景名胜区。如果政府能够抓住这一机会,通过国有资产重组与整合加快这部分机构的企业化和市场化进程,那么民族酒店集团就是以越过常规发展道路的某些环节,实现跳跃式发展。所有这一切都是为了酒店集团在市场经济体制里自由生长,也是为了尽可能降低其生长与发育过程中的交易费用。

                 

3. We should base on domestic market, develop mass tourist accommodation products and put priority on the development of economic hotel chains.
After entering WTO, the competition in hotel market will be keener. For China's hotel groups, the most fundamental competition ideal is to seek for its own competitive advantage. In the past experience of developed countries, those outstanding hotel groups developed on the basis of domestic tourism market. At the beginning of the development, national hotel groups didn't have the capability to directly compete with transnational hotel groups in business tour to metropolises, their first markets will be non-economic center cities and sightseeing resorts. National hotel groups should enter the hotel markets in metropolises after they finish the enterprising process in current market. They should enter the new markets through brand buying, enterprises merger and strategic alliance after they have enough currency capital, management skill, market network, information technology and human resource as their competence.
4. We should form the management and marketing platform of national hotel groups through information technology.
At the end of 1990s, IT is used in fields of internal management system, marketing promotion and sale system and membership connecting system. The newly published magazine Asia and Pacific Hotel, Accor、Forte、Hilton and Starwood--the four international hotel groups cooperate to form an Internet Joint Venture facing Asia and Pacific market. The reason for cooperation is to enhance the distribution over Internet. In this way, tourists who go on Internet regularly will get information faster and more conveniently.; while the international hotel groups will sell their rooms over the world more quickly. At the initial development of national hotels, the first problem is popularization of computer hardware devices, but more urgent issues are the concept and human resource problems. It is well known that a group without high-tech is a group without cohesive force and competitiveness.
5. To accelerate the development of domestic hotel groups through government policy and practice.
While we emphasize the importance of enterprises in the process of hotel group development, we are not denying or ignoring the role of the government. On the contrary, the market economy need more government help in property right protection, public product supply and policy administration. The government shall not interfere the enterprise operation, but turn its internal management to outer administration so as to create a favorable development environment for the domestic hotel groups to grow mature in the international tourism market. As for the government support, the government shall encourage more hotel enterprises to cooperate with large-scale enterprise groups and high tech companies to make themselves essential parts of international tourism enterprise groups. It's necessary for the hotel enterprises to take more company practice and gradually change the image of backward operation in the international tourism market, so as to achieve the strategic development goal.
In the development process of domestic hotel groups, the government has a task of policy innovation. Under the current situation, China's tourism industry and enterprises are still on the way of market operation. In the period of system transition, a series of problems such as the out-of-date system and management mode are restricting the development of China's hotel groups. Our management system of tourism industry and management mode of tourism enterprises must take innovation to optimize the system and market environment. For example, we should push all kinds of accommodation companies to compete equally, honestly and publicly in the market. Another example is the ongoing provincial reform on some industries such as electricity, coal, textile and so on. These acts of forbidding administrative departments to operate companies bring great development chance for the domestic hotel groups, for most of these departments have their own accommodation facilities in the name of training center and recuperating base in seashore cities and famous scenic spots. If the government could grasp this opportunity to reallocate the state-owned capitals of these companies and improve their enterprise and market practice, the domestic hotel groups could get across some conventional development steps and realize great progress. All the efforts are made to help hotel groups grow freely in the market economic system and maximally reduce the transaction fee in their development process.

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