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展望新21世纪的中国酒店集团
戴 斌
(北京第二外国语学院酒店管理系,100024)

一. 中国酒店产业环境与酒店集团的发展前景
(一)加入WTO与申奥成功标志中国进一步融入国际社会主流
世纪之交的中国酒店业正在面临着制度环境与市场环境两个方面的巨大变化。其中制度环境方面的变化是开放和改革的深化与广化,市场环境的变化的主要表现为投资主体、在位竞争者、消费主体几个方面的变化。对外开放以加入世界贸易组织(WTO)和申奥成功为代表,深化改革是以市场经济体制的确立和统一市场的完善为标志。其中申奥成功对中国的影响是短期到中期的,而世界贸易组织对中国的影响将是一个长期、渐进而漫长的过程。对于中国的酒店企业家和职业经理人来说,对其只需要有一个大致的了解就足够,过细的条款解说及对应对之策是这方面的专家学者和政府立法以及政府宏观管理部门官员的事情。在我看来,WTO与中国酒店业之间的关系主要把握以下几点。
1.加入WTO是中国进一步扩大开放、深化改革,进一步融入国际主流社会的战略举措。WTO对包括酒店业在内的中国经济乃至整个社会和中华文明的演进与发展都将是及其深远的。
2.WTO就是市场经济的基本理念与运行规则的集中体现。综观WTO协议及其所包含的29个法律文件,主要体现为五个基本原则:公平与公正原则,要求所有主体间一视同仁。为此,法律、产业政策和政府的其它微观规制手段所构成的制度环境要有透明度和可预见性,不能再搞黑箱操作;市场开放原则,包括酒店在内的市场要对外开放,融入主流,为人类发展做出自己的贡献;灵活原则,WTO能发展到今天,就是它在运作过程中原则中有例外,例外中有原则。否则只靠一纸协议在政权面前是无能为力的。统一市场原则,首先是国内市场要统一。今年的国务院303号令就是往这个方面的有力举措。逐步自由化原则。也称贸易与发展原则,决不是为贸易而贸易,为自由化而自由化,而是强调贸易必须以可持续发展为导向。这些原则和世界贸易组织努力的方向和结果就是包括服务业在内的全球化。
3.加入WTO后,受到约束最大的是政府,在资源配置方面将会有更多的市场空间释放给企业和企业家。比如服务业的政府采购问题,比如酒店业,特别政府接待型宾馆/酒店的转轨与变革问题,都会有新的变化。至于酒店企业,我看没有什么可以担心的。家电业、零售业开放后,市场不还是我们的吗?我看关键是人,是人的观念。
4.具体到中国酒店产业领域,影响将主要体现在长期的市场环境和发展战略方面,比如如何与相关的国外厂商合作,开放后,会有更多外资背景的旅行社、酒店管理公司、保险公司、银行、电信、交通运输等与酒店业构成非竞争型的厂商将进入中国大陆市场。这些市场开放后,垄断会减少,竞争会增加。在现代市场经济社会里,任何一个产业总是以与其它相关产业的合作为发展前提的。其它产业的竞争态势增强了,我看是对酒店业来说是好事情。所以我们的酒店企业,包括中小型酒店企业要学会如何与它们打交道,不要只把眼睛盯着同业竞争者。再比如中国大型酒店要不要跨国经营。市场的开放是对等的,我们的市场对别国开放,按照WTO的基本原则,它们的市场也要对我们开放。国际旅游发展的一般规律表明,跨国经营的旅游企业投资国与客源国高度相关,随着中国出境旅游市场的持续发展,中国酒店企业跨国经营战略已经是一个日渐凸显的现实课题了。为此我们要积极储备这方面的财务、管理、市场等专业人才。
从更为具体的层面来看,加入WTO以后,已经在中国站住脚跟的境外酒店集团会有更大的战略举措。在旅游发达国家对中国的要价单中,他们要求降低合资酒店的外方股比,就是为了让有限的资金发挥更大的战略扩张作用。比如香格里拉酒店集团目前在中国各地已经经营了15家酒店,客房总数为7000间。集团计划到2005年,将这一数字翻一番。最近已经签约的香格里拉丁山南京酒店(460间客房、预评四星)、中山香格里拉酒店(客房264间)、郑州香格里拉酒店(客房280间)就是其战略计划的组成部分。还有假日、雅高、喜来登、希尔顿等也都制订了雄心勃勃的发展计划,国内的锦江、建国、凯莱、建国、首旅等集团开始自己的应对计划,那么对于大部分中小型的单体酒店来说,我们怎么办?从国际酒店产业的现状来看,酒店集团,特别是跨国经营的酒店集团已经占据了市场的绝对主导地位。从利润分布来看,营销网络、管理合同、特许经营等方式分别居于酒店产业利润的第一、第二的主导途径。如果我们还局限于管理一家单体酒店,局限于一间一间客房、一道菜肴一份酒水地经营我们的酒店产品,那么在全球化的市场分工体系中,中国的酒店企业也许永远只能居于类似于象汽车那样的制度业领域中的下游加工者角色。可以说,分工体系和经营方式的调整将是WTO对中国酒店产业的最核心最重要的影响了。
5.从市场环境来看,主要是从"政府"到"市场"的进一步转化。管理环境主要是指制约酒店企业运作的宏观制度环境。中国酒店业已经走过了政府接待机构、事业单位企业化管理、政府附属企业化、市场企业化几个制度变迁过程,现在绝大多数酒店,包括政府部门办的培训中心、招待所等已经完全市场化了。这里所说的管理环境从"政府"向"市场转变"主要是指政府的行业管理理念与方法。比如针对酒店业过度进入的问题,不再会有哪一个政府部门发文可以要求某些酒店退出的事了。再比如一些区域酒店房价过低,尽管出台了一些自发行业自律价、政府要求的最低限低等措施,但是经济学理论和酒店市场的运作实践已经证明了这些非市场的干预行为不可能达到制度设计者的施行初衷。相对于旅游业中政府管制最多的旅行社业来说,中国酒店业的人员进入、资金规模、市场配额、营业许可、质量控制等方面的管理壁垒都是较低的,这将促使酒店管理者在遇到问题时主要是向市场和企业内部寻求竞争优势,而不是向政府部门寻求垄断地位。曾经有业内人士呼吁由旅游局统管社会住宿业,而且要制订类似旅行社业那样的管理制度。对此我深感不安,毕竟只有企业才是市场的主体,只有企业家和经理人才是酒店管理的灵魂。可以说,正是目前这种相对宽松的、市场导向的制度环境才能造就真正的旅游企业家和酒店职业经理人,才能使民族旅游产业和酒店企业持续发展,最终形成我们自己可以自豪的假日、希尔顿、万豪。

 

                 

Prospects for China's Hotel Group
in 21st Century

Dai Bin
(Beijing Second Foreign Language & China Tourism University)

I. The Hotel Industry Environment and Prospect of Hotel Group in China
1. Entry of WTO and the success of hosting Olympic Games indicate China has entered the mainstream of international society
China's hotel industry is facing 2 great changes - system environment and market environment in the joint of the century. The former refers to the reforms happened and deepened in china, the latter refers to the changes of investors, competitors and consumers. The reform factors are joining WTO, which will affect china in a long period and gradual process, and hosting the Olympic Games, which will affect china shortly. Most hotel managers need to know the general, the details of terms leave for scholars and government officers. In my opinion, the connections between WTO and China's hotel industry are the following:
A. The entry of WTO is a great strategy to enter the world, WTO will affect the development of china` economy and civilization.

B. WTO embodies the ideas and principles of market economy and civilization of market economy, which contains 29 documents and 5 principles. Fair and square principle, which asks all parties are equal. Therefore, the system environment which is composed of laws, policies and government practice must be clear and predictable. Market opening principle indicates that all industries including hotel need to join the mainstream of the world. Flexibility principle: exceptions among principles give WTO great vigor. United market principle: civil market is to be united first. Free market principle (trade and development principle): trade must follow the persisting development, the result of these principles is economy globalization.

C. After joining WTO, government is the most restricted department; more resources and larger space are given to enterprises and entrepreneurs, e.g. government purchases in service industry, the reform of state-owned hotels. We do not have to worry about it; the household electronic machinery and retail markets are still on our control after they were opened to the market. After all, people and ideas are the key factors.

D. In hotel industry, the influence lies in the long-term market environment and development strategies. After entry of WTO, more and more tourism companies, hotel management companies, insurance companies, banks, telecommunication companies, transportation with rash into China, and work with China hotel groups in different fields of market in China. Monopolies will deduce and competitions will increase. In modern economic market, all must co-operate to develop. This is good to hotel. The hotel companies should learn to make deals with different enterprises. Do not care too much about the competitors. Another concern is the transnational hotel operation of China's large-scale hotels. Market opening principle is equipotent; both sides are free to open. According to the regularity of international tourism development, transnational investment countries are mostly the guest generating countries. With the increase of outbound travels of Chinese citizens, the transnational management of China hotel groups is gradually becoming more and more important. We should cultivate and keep professional in finance, management and marketing, etc.

More in details, the foreign hotel management groups that have fully developed in China's market will seek greater strategic development. The developed countries asked China to lower the portion of foreign investors in order to best utilize the limited capital to expand their business. Shangri-La has been operating 15 hotels in China and planned to double this number by 2005. Shangri-La Ding Shan Nanjing (460 guestrooms 4-star), Zhongshan Shangri-La (264 guestrooms) and Zhengzhou Shangri-La Hotel (280 guestrooms) have signed the contract. Holiday Inn, Sheraton, Hilton are also making aggressive development plans. Domestic hotel groups such as Jinjiang. Jianguo, Gloria, Capital Travel Group are making preparation too. Then what can those medium-and small-size hotels do? Take a look at the international hotel industry, hotel groups, especially transnational hotel management groups have taken the main part of market. Network sales, management contracts and franchising are the main profit generating strategies. So if we still limit our hotel operation to a meal or a drink, we could only play a secondary role in the global market system. The biggest influence that WTO will give to us is the adjustment of the role in the system and the management strategy.

E. From the viewpoint of market environment, the converting from "government center" to "market center" is the main task. China hotel industry has passed the phases of governmental reception center, executive department with enterprise management, and government-led enterprise, independent market-oriented enterprise. Now, most hotels, including "training centers", are fully converted. The converting from "government" to "market" here means the changes of management ideas and methods by government. For example, too many hotels are still being constructing but government will hot interfere; or no one will restrict the low price in some hotels in many cities. Though some government departments and industry union often give a policy on price, it doesn't work well anyway. Comparing to travel agencies, hotels are restricted and controlled less by the government, which could help the hotel managers seek for good quality and better service, not for monopoly position. Enterprises are the practitioner of the market, while managers are the souls of hotels. A flexible, market-centered circumstance is now fostering the real entrepreneurs and professional managers and will finally build up our own brand like Holiday Inn, Hilton and Marriott.

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