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中国与国际饭店业竞争和发展有关问题的思考

中国旅游饭店业协会副会长
中外酒店论坛组织副理事长兼年度执行主席沈成相

2001年是二十一世纪的第一年，也是我国"十五"计划的开局之年。在当前及此后一段过程中，中国国民经济正面临重大转折，许多过去不熟悉或者没有充分经验的新问题、新挑战摆在了我们面前。在这样一个历史时刻，进一步探索中国旅游业以及饭店业在国民经济改革与发展过程中定位问题，深化我们对这一问题的认识，具有极为重要的理论与实践意义。在这样一个重要会议召开的时刻，我仅就中国饭店业发展面临的机遇与挑战、饭店业面临的竞争环境以及我们应该采取的对策谈些个人看法。
一般意义上说，饭店业是旅游系统、旅游产业的一个重要组成部分。2001年3月15日第九届全国人民代表大会第四次会议批准的《中华人民共和国国民经济和社会发展第十个五年计划纲要》把旅游业的发展摆在了一个前所未有的高度。在这个极为重要的中长期发展战略中，在扩大内需、加强基础设施建设、培育新的经济增长点、推进西部大开发、调整区域经济结构、应对"入世"挑战、实现可持续发展、扩大对外开放、发挥资源优势等多个方面8次提到旅游业发展问题。可以说，旅游业以及饭店业的发展与我国未来战略目标的实现息息相关，与国民经济发展过程中重大难题的解决思路密切相连。
一、 中国饭店业的发展历程及竞争能力判断
要分析判断中国饭店业发展的整体态势，找出阻碍中国饭店业进一步做大做强的因素，进一步缩短与世界先进水平的差距，有必要先回顾其曲折而又不断向前的发展历程。
我国饭店业经历了萌芽阶段、起步阶段、高速发展阶段、回落阶段、恢复上升阶段。
1980年以前是萌芽阶段。1949年新中国成立以后，人民政府对一些老饭店进行整顿和改造，积极筹建新型饭店，1979年政府批准了第一批合资项目，开始了第一批合资合作饭店的建设。总体数量少、设施陈旧、功能单一、条件简陋、全国地区性分布不平衡，是这一时期的主要特点。1980年至1982年是起步阶段。通过引进外资，逐步兴建了一大批中外合资、中外合作饭店；1983年至1993年是高速发展阶段。国家提出了发展旅游服务基础设施建设，实行"国家、地方、部门、集体、个人一起上，自力更生和利用外资一起上"的方针，国内外各种渠道的资金投入饭店业，到1993年达到高潮。1994年至1998年是回落阶段。1993年以后，饭店业逐步完成其利润平均化过程，建设高潮开始回落，同时由于市场不景气、经营不善等方面原因的促动下，盲目建设的恶果已开始凸现，饭店业的利润率在逐年下降，1998年全行业出现负利润现象。1999年至今是恢复上升阶段。在国内旅游经济热潮的快速崛起以及来华旅游和进行商务活动的客源数量持续增长的带动下，经历了1998年的全行业效益大幅滑坡之后，国内饭店业的客房出租率开始回升，但由于行业内的竞争日益加剧，平均房费下降，全行业的盈利没有达到同步增长。
至今，饭店业在产值、经济增加值、就业以及税收方面已成为经济主要贡献力量，在经济体系中占有重要的地位，成为我国积极推动和扶持的朝阳产业，同时，正是因为中国饭店业从一开始就是改革开放的窗口行业，所以与一般产业中管理滞后的状况形成鲜明对照的是，我国饭店业的管理处于与国际先进水平基本接轨的状态。我国近万家的星级饭店，绝大多数是在改革开放以后新建的，在管理上较少有旧体制遗留的痕迹。与此同时，饭店业硬件的现代化水平和服务对象的国际化特点也迫使这一领域的管理从一开始就必须高起点。从80年代初、中期北京通过"合资"形式开办建国饭店这一现代商业化饭店以来，我们已经走过了委托国外饭店管理公司管理，依靠外方提供管理技术及经验的阶段。目前我国绝大部分三星级以上饭店都是在中国人自己管理下。在一定意义上可以说，我国的饭店业是国民经济中管理制度最严密，员工队伍整体的职业素质最高、管理标准与国际水平基本同步、管理手段最先进的产业之一。
按照一般规律和国际经验，在工业化中后期，提高资源利用效率、促进国民经济增长将更多依靠管理要素的投入。我国应对"人世"挑战的最重要措施也在于完善和改进管理，提高经济系统的宏、微观管理水平。实际上在过去一些年中，我国的饭店业客观上已经在国民体系中发挥着现代化管理、国际化管理示范作用。
当然，饭店业发展的差距比较是相对于中国其他产业特别是计划体制色彩甚浓的传统产业发展而言的，也就是说，正是基于最早接受国际规则约束的产业之一，饭店业才走在了前面，但不能否定与发达国家相比整体水平仍然存在差距，甚至是"独木舟和航空母舰联合舰队的比较"。

饭店业协会会长中国旅游饭店业协会副会长
　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　
On the Competition of Hoteling in China and Abroad
Shenchenxiang
The year 2001 is the first year of 21st century and the beginning of China's "10th Five Year Plan". At present , China's national economy are on a great turning point and we have to face many new problems and challenges which we we are unfamiliar with or have no experience in. In such a historic period, it is rather theoretically and practically meaningful for us to further study the positioning of China's Tourism & Hospitality Industry in the course of national economic reform and development, as well as to deepen our knowledge of it. At such an important conference, I'd like to give some personal ideas on certain topics such as chances and challenges for China's Hospitality Industry, competitive environment of hospitality industry, and the measures we should take etc.
Generally speaking, hospitality industry is an important part of tourism system and industry. The "10th Five Year Plan Outline of PRC National Economic and Social Development", approved by 9th National Assembly's 4th Conference on March 15,2001, tourism development is positioned at an unprecedented level. In this important long-term development strategy, tourism development is raised 8 times in many aspects including expanding domestic needs, reinforcing fundamental facilities, fostering new economy increasing point, promoting development of Western China, adjusting regional economy structure, facing the challenge of "entering WTO", realizing sustainable development, expanding openness, developing resource superiority etc. The development of tourism and Hospitality has a close relation with the realization of our future strategic target and the resolution of major problems during the development of national economy.

Ⅰ、 Judgment on Development and Competitive Capacity of China's Hospitality Industry
It is necessary to review the twisting and onward development of hospitality industry in China, in order to analyze and judge the whole tendency. So we can find barriers preventing China hotel industry from becoming more powerful and can further reduce gaps between it and the world advanced.
China's hospitality has been through five periods: budding period, starting period, highly developing period, slowing down period, and uprising period.
Budding period refers to period before 1980. The major features of this period include unbalanced regional distribution, poor and out of date facilities, single function, as well as a small amount of hotels. Starting period is from 1980 to 1982. In this period, a large number of joint or cooperated hotels were gradually set up by absorbing foreign capital. The highly developing period is from 1983 to 1993, during which the government put forward the guideline of developing tourism service fundamental supports and both domestic and foreign capitals were invested into hotel industry. While period from 1994 to 1998 is called the slowing down period in which profit rate of hotel industry annually decreased, and in 1998 the whole hospitality industry began to be unprofitable. And from 1999 to now is regarded as uprising period. Because of the uprising domestic tourism economy and unceasing increase of business tourists number, room occupancy of domestic hospitality began to increase, but the whole hospitality profit failed to get same increase as a result of declining average room rate caused by increased severe competition.
Up to now, hospitality industry has already made a great contribution to national economy in aspects of production, economic increase, employment, and government revenue. It is now playing an important role in economy system and has become a vigour industry promoted and supported by the government. Chinese hospitality industry is, from the very beginning, the windows industry of reform and openness, so its management level is almost the same as international advanced management. Since early 1980s when Jianguo Hotel, a modern joint venture in Beijing, was set up, we have been through the period of accrediting foreign hotel management companies and depending foreign management technology. At present, most above 3-star hotels are managed by Chinese. To a certain extent, Chinese hospitality industry can be regarded as an industry having most advanced management, strictest management system, most professional staff, and international management standards.
According to general rules and international experience, in the middle and late part of industrialization, it will depend more on input of management elements to increase efficiency of resource using and to promote national economy increase. Our most important measure for meeting challenges of "entering WTO" is to improve management and the macro/micro management level of economy system. Actually in past years, Chinese hospitality had already played the role as a model of modern and international management.
Of course, as one of the earliest industries accepting international rules, hospitality industry has go ahead of other industries, but compared with the developed countries it still has a long way to go .
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